Correlation of Increased Triglyceride with Alteration in Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Healthy Individuals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/imj0103201Abstract
Objective: The current study was aimed to evaluate and assess the correlation between adulterations of haematological parameters with high level of triglyceride in healthy smoker individuals.
Methods: Ninety volunteers were participated in this study, smokers (n=70) and non-smokers (n=20). Complete blood count and other tests were performed by using fully automated haematological analyser devices.
Results: The values of white blood cells (p=0.005), red blood cells (p= 0.01), haemoglobin content (p=0.03), haematocrit (p= 0.042), mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (p= 0.003 and p= 0.0022 respectively) in smokers showed greater when compared to no-smokers. The values of total cholesterol and triglyceride appeared significantly greater in smokers than in control subjects. All other calculated measure parameters did not show significantly different between the two groups.
Conclusions: The current study showed that continues cigarette smoking among healthy individuals has adverse effects on both biochemical and haematological parameters but not in kidney function activities. There is a strong correlation between high levels of triglyceride with increased levels of blood parameters in smoker group.
References
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17. Butkiewicz AM, Kemona-Chętnik I, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Matowicka-Karna J, Kemon H, Radziwon P. Does smoking affect thrombocytopoiesis and platelet activation in women and men? Adv Med Sci 2006; 51:123–126.
18. Mehta H, Nazzal K, Sadikot RT. Cigarette smoking and innate immunity. Inflamm Res 2008; 57:497-503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-008-8078-6.
19. Lakshmi AS, Lakshmanan A, Kumar GP, Saravanan A. Effect of intensity of cigarette smoking on hematological and lipid parameters. J Clin Diagnost Res 2014; 8:11-13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9545.4612.
20. Hussain SA, deab AS, Hussein JS, Kareem NY. Effects of Cigarette and Water-Pipe (Shisha) Smoking on Blood cells, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Healthy Iraqi Males 2018 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26861.08168.
21. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Allaway SL, Hale AC. The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on blood hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes: a dose related study on male subjects. Clinical and laboratory hematology 1995; 17:131-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329603300201.
22. Aitchison R, Russell N. Smoking - a major cause of polycythaemia. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1988; 81:89-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100212.
23. Nadia MM, Shamseldein HA, Sara AS. Effects of Cigarette and Shisha Smoking on Hematological Parameters: An analytic case-control study. International Multispeciality Journal of Health 2015; 1:44- 51.
24. Okafor IM, Okoroiwu HU. Effects of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking on Some Hematological Parameters of Male Cigarette Smokers in Southern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 2017; 5(3):1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJMAH/2017/33813.
25. Kung CM, Wang HL, Tseng ZL. Cigarette smoking exacerbates health problems in young men. Clinical and investigative medicine Medecine clinique et experimentale 2008; 31:(3)E138-49. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v31i3.3471.
26. Khan MI, Bukhari MH, Brar S, Akhtar MS. Effect of smoking on Red Blood Cells Count, Hemoglobin Concentration and Red Cell indices. P J M H S 2014; 8:361-364.
27. Pankaj J, Reena J, Mal KL, Ketan M. Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters: comparison between male smokers and non-smokers. International Journal of Science and Nature 2014; 5:740-743.
28. Asif M, Karim S, Umar Z, Malik A, Ismail T, Chaudhar A, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking based on haematological parameters: comparison between male smokers and non-smokers. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 2013; 38:75-80. https://doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2013.49369.
29. Salamzadeh J. The hematologic effects of cigarette smoking in healthy men volunteers. Article 2004; 3:41-44. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2010.415.
30. Calapai G, Caputi AP, Mannucci C, Russo GA, Gregg E, Puntoni R, et al. Cardiovascular biomarkers in groups of established smokers after a decade of smoking. Basic ClinPharmacolToxicol 2009; 104:322–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00361.x.
31. Sirirat T, Sirirat K, Hemhorm P. The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Red Blood Cell Hemolysis, Antigen and Antibody Titer of ABO and RhSystem and Hematological Parameters J Med Tech Assoc Thailand 2012; 40:4042-55.
32. Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson JT, Casscells SW. Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease: implications for risk assessment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004; 44:1945-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.056.
33. Loimaala A, Rontu R, Vuori I, Mercuri M, Lehtimaki T, Nenonen A, Bond MG. Blood leukocyte count is a risk factor for intima-media thickening and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188:363-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.021.
34. Devaranavadgi BB, Aski BS, Kashinath RT, Hundekari IA. Effect of cigarette smoking on blood lipid – A study in Belgaum, Northern Karnataka, India. Global J. of Med. Research 2012; 12:57-61. https://medicalresearchjournal.org/index.php/GJMR/article/view/283
35. Anandha LS, Saravanan A, Lakshmanan A, Ganesh KP. Effect of intensity of cigarette smoking on haematological and lipid parameters. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2014; 8:BC11-BC13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9545.4612.
36. Muscat JE, Randall EH, Nancy J, Ernst LW. Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J 1991; 121:141-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(91)90967-M.
37. Eliasson B, Mero N, Taskinen M, Smith U. The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis 1997; 129:79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(96)06028-5.
38. El Sayed, SM, Mahmoud HS, Nabo MM. Medical and Scientific Bases of Wet Cupping Therapy (Alhijamah): in Light of Modern Medicine and Prophetic medicine. ltern Integ Med 2013; p2-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-5162.1000122.
39. Ritz E, Benck, U, Franek E, Keller C, Seyfarth M, Clorius J. Effects of smoking on renal hemodynamics in healthy volunteers and in patients with glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:1798-804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9773780.
40. Lindenfeld J, Schrier RW. Blood Urea Nitrogen A Marker for Adverse Effects of Loop Diuretics. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011; 58: 383-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.054.
41. Ahmed MM, Al-Obosi S, Osman HM, Shayoub M. the effect of smoking cigarette on kidney functions among sundaes peoples. International Journal of Development Research 2015; 5:4473-4475. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26861.08168.
42. Black HR, Zeevi GR, Silten RM, Walker Smith GJ. Effect of heavy cigarette smoking on renal and myocardial arterioles. Nephron 1983; 34:173–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877449.
43. Pittilo RM, Bull HA, Gulati S, Rowles PM, Blow CM, Machin SJ, Woolf N. “Nicotine and cigarette smoking: Effects on the ultrastructure of aortic endotheliumâ€. Int J Exp Pathol 1990; 71:573–586. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2002282.
2. Kume KA, Shibuya MK, Yamzaki HF. Dose-dependent effect of cigarette smoke on blood biomarkers in healthy volunteers: Observations from smoking and non-smoking. Journal of Health Sciences 2009; 55:(2)259-264. https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.55.259
3. World Health Organization.Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Implementing smoke-free environments. WHO Press; Geneva; 2009: Switzerland.
4. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva; World Health Organization 2001; p2-7.
5. Soldin OP, Makambi KH, Soldin SJ, O'Mara DM. Steroid hormone levels associated with passive and active smoking. Steroids 2011; 76: 653-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.042
6. Ahmed OA. Effects of Smoking Cigarette on White Blood Cell and Platelet Parameter on a Sample of Normal Subject in Rania City. "Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) 2016; 9:887-892.
7. Gossett LK, Johnson HM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Smoking intensity and lipoprotein abnormalities in active smokers. Journal of clinical lipidology 2009; 3(6):372-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2009.10.008.
8. Malenica M, Prnjavorac B, Bego T, Dujic T, Semiz S, Skrbo S, Gusic A, Hadzic A, Causevic A. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population. Medical Archives 2017; 71:132-136. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136.
9. Roka R, Michimi A, Macy G. Associations Between Hypertension and Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in U.S. Adults: A Comparative Analysis by Gender. High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prevention 2015; 22:265-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-015-0106-3.
10. Guedes DP, Guedes JE, Barbosa DS, de Oliveira JA. Tobacco use and plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile in adolescents. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2007;53:59-61. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-42302007000100021.
11. Aggarwal A, Sarkar PG, Sharma V. Predisposing factors to premature coronary artery disease in young (age ≤ 45 years) smokers: a single center retrospective case control study from India. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2014; 6:15-19.
12. Siekmeier R, Wulfroth P, Wieland H, Gross W, Marz W. Low-density lipoprotein susceptibility of in vitro oxidation in healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Chem 1996; 42:524–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.4.524.
13. Ito T, Nishiwaki M, Ishikawa T, Nakamura H. CETP and LCAT activities are unrelated to smoking and moderate alcohol consumption in healthy normolipidemic men. Jpn Circ J 1995; 59:541-43. https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.59.541.
14. Aula FA, Qadir FA. "Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Some Immunological and Hematological Parameters in Male Smokers in Erbil City." Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 2013; 6.2:159 print. https://doi.org/10.12816/0000274.
15. Abel GA, Hays JT, Decker PA, Croghan GA, Kuter DJ, Rigotti NA. Effects of biochemically confirmed smoking cessation on white blood cell count. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:1022-8. https://doi.org/10.4065/80.8.1022.
16. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1765-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi183.
17. Butkiewicz AM, Kemona-Chętnik I, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Matowicka-Karna J, Kemon H, Radziwon P. Does smoking affect thrombocytopoiesis and platelet activation in women and men? Adv Med Sci 2006; 51:123–126.
18. Mehta H, Nazzal K, Sadikot RT. Cigarette smoking and innate immunity. Inflamm Res 2008; 57:497-503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-008-8078-6.
19. Lakshmi AS, Lakshmanan A, Kumar GP, Saravanan A. Effect of intensity of cigarette smoking on hematological and lipid parameters. J Clin Diagnost Res 2014; 8:11-13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9545.4612.
20. Hussain SA, deab AS, Hussein JS, Kareem NY. Effects of Cigarette and Water-Pipe (Shisha) Smoking on Blood cells, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Healthy Iraqi Males 2018 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26861.08168.
21. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Allaway SL, Hale AC. The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on blood hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes: a dose related study on male subjects. Clinical and laboratory hematology 1995; 17:131-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329603300201.
22. Aitchison R, Russell N. Smoking - a major cause of polycythaemia. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1988; 81:89-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100212.
23. Nadia MM, Shamseldein HA, Sara AS. Effects of Cigarette and Shisha Smoking on Hematological Parameters: An analytic case-control study. International Multispeciality Journal of Health 2015; 1:44- 51.
24. Okafor IM, Okoroiwu HU. Effects of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking on Some Hematological Parameters of Male Cigarette Smokers in Southern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 2017; 5(3):1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJMAH/2017/33813.
25. Kung CM, Wang HL, Tseng ZL. Cigarette smoking exacerbates health problems in young men. Clinical and investigative medicine Medecine clinique et experimentale 2008; 31:(3)E138-49. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v31i3.3471.
26. Khan MI, Bukhari MH, Brar S, Akhtar MS. Effect of smoking on Red Blood Cells Count, Hemoglobin Concentration and Red Cell indices. P J M H S 2014; 8:361-364.
27. Pankaj J, Reena J, Mal KL, Ketan M. Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters: comparison between male smokers and non-smokers. International Journal of Science and Nature 2014; 5:740-743.
28. Asif M, Karim S, Umar Z, Malik A, Ismail T, Chaudhar A, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking based on haematological parameters: comparison between male smokers and non-smokers. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 2013; 38:75-80. https://doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2013.49369.
29. Salamzadeh J. The hematologic effects of cigarette smoking in healthy men volunteers. Article 2004; 3:41-44. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2010.415.
30. Calapai G, Caputi AP, Mannucci C, Russo GA, Gregg E, Puntoni R, et al. Cardiovascular biomarkers in groups of established smokers after a decade of smoking. Basic ClinPharmacolToxicol 2009; 104:322–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00361.x.
31. Sirirat T, Sirirat K, Hemhorm P. The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Red Blood Cell Hemolysis, Antigen and Antibody Titer of ABO and RhSystem and Hematological Parameters J Med Tech Assoc Thailand 2012; 40:4042-55.
32. Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson JT, Casscells SW. Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease: implications for risk assessment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004; 44:1945-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.056.
33. Loimaala A, Rontu R, Vuori I, Mercuri M, Lehtimaki T, Nenonen A, Bond MG. Blood leukocyte count is a risk factor for intima-media thickening and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188:363-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.021.
34. Devaranavadgi BB, Aski BS, Kashinath RT, Hundekari IA. Effect of cigarette smoking on blood lipid – A study in Belgaum, Northern Karnataka, India. Global J. of Med. Research 2012; 12:57-61. https://medicalresearchjournal.org/index.php/GJMR/article/view/283
35. Anandha LS, Saravanan A, Lakshmanan A, Ganesh KP. Effect of intensity of cigarette smoking on haematological and lipid parameters. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2014; 8:BC11-BC13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9545.4612.
36. Muscat JE, Randall EH, Nancy J, Ernst LW. Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J 1991; 121:141-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(91)90967-M.
37. Eliasson B, Mero N, Taskinen M, Smith U. The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis 1997; 129:79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(96)06028-5.
38. El Sayed, SM, Mahmoud HS, Nabo MM. Medical and Scientific Bases of Wet Cupping Therapy (Alhijamah): in Light of Modern Medicine and Prophetic medicine. ltern Integ Med 2013; p2-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-5162.1000122.
39. Ritz E, Benck, U, Franek E, Keller C, Seyfarth M, Clorius J. Effects of smoking on renal hemodynamics in healthy volunteers and in patients with glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:1798-804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9773780.
40. Lindenfeld J, Schrier RW. Blood Urea Nitrogen A Marker for Adverse Effects of Loop Diuretics. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011; 58: 383-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.054.
41. Ahmed MM, Al-Obosi S, Osman HM, Shayoub M. the effect of smoking cigarette on kidney functions among sundaes peoples. International Journal of Development Research 2015; 5:4473-4475. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26861.08168.
42. Black HR, Zeevi GR, Silten RM, Walker Smith GJ. Effect of heavy cigarette smoking on renal and myocardial arterioles. Nephron 1983; 34:173–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877449.
43. Pittilo RM, Bull HA, Gulati S, Rowles PM, Blow CM, Machin SJ, Woolf N. “Nicotine and cigarette smoking: Effects on the ultrastructure of aortic endotheliumâ€. Int J Exp Pathol 1990; 71:573–586. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2002282.
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2020-03-26
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Tayeb BA, Abdurrahman SM, Tamar RY. Correlation of Increased Triglyceride with Alteration in Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Healthy Individuals. Iraq Med J [Internet]. 2020 Mar. 26 [cited 2024 Nov. 4];4(1). Available from: https://iraqmedj.org/index.php/imj/article/view/741
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