Assessment of Gender Dimorphism Using Cephalometry in Iranian Population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v4i4.899Keywords:
Anthropometry, Cephalic indices, Gender dimorphism, Iranian Population, CephalometryAbstract
Abstract
Cephalic indices is useful for evaluating racial and gender differences. In this study, we aimed to asses Gender Dimorphism Using cephalometry in the Iranian Population. Different variables like cranial length (CL), cranial width (CW), and cranial height (CH) were measured and cranial index (CI), cranial capacity (CC), and brain weight of 400 Iranian volunteers were calculated. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS 22.0.
There were significant differences in the mean value of all nasofacial parameters (P<0.05). The highest sensitivity and specificity to predict the gender dimorphism were related to FL and FW (0.990 and 0.97) and (0.970 and 0.94), respectively. Considering the differences between male and female cranial structures, can be useful in forensic medicine and designing neurosurgical and ergonomic instruments in addition, to distinguish and discover the gender of the humans related to the many years ago.
References
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27. Jahanshahi M, Golalipour M, Heidari K. The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran. Singapore medical journal. 2008;49(11):940-3.
28. Kurnia C, Susiana S, Husin W. Facial indices in Chinese ethnic students aged 20-22. Journal of Dentistry Indonesia. 2013;19(1):1-4.
29. Akhlaghi M, Khalighi Z, Vasigh S, Yousefinejad V. Sex determination using mandibular anthropometric parameters in subadult Iranian samples. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2014;22:150-3.
30. Akhlaghi M, Moradi B, Hajibeygi M. Sex determination using anthropometric dimensions of the clavicle in Iranian population. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2012;19(7):381-5.
31. Seyed Hassan Eftekhar vaghefi Fg, Leila Elyasi, Saeedreza Amirian. Evaluating Anatomical Dimensions Using in Cephalometric of 18-20 Year-Old Girls Southern Iran Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 2018;8:127-9.
32. Dodangheh M, Mokhtari T, Mojaverrostami S, Nemati M, Zarbakhsh S, Arabkheradmand A, et al. Anthropometric Study of the Facial Index in the Population of Medical Students in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. GMJ Medicine. 2018;2(1):51-7.
33. Eboh DE, Okoro EC, Iteire KA. A cross-sectional anthropometric study of cranial capacity among Ukwuani people of South Nigeria. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS. 2016;23(5):72.
34. Lalwani M, Yadav J, Arora A, Dubey B. Sex identification from cranial capacity of adult human skulls. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2012;34(2):128-31.
35. Ankney CD. Sex differences in relative brain size: The mismeasure of woman, too? Intelligence. 1992;16(3-4):329-36.
36. Sangeetha K SMB. ESTIMATION OF THE CRANIAL CAPACITY IN DRY HUMAN SKULL BONES. Int J Anat Res. 2018;6(2.2):5181-5.
37. Nooranipour M, Farahani RM. Estimation of cranial capacity and brain weight in 18–22-year-old Iranian adults. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2008;110(10):997-1002.
38. Woo EJ, Jung H, Tansatit T. Cranial index in a modern people of Thai ancestry. Anatomy & cell biology. 2018;51(1):25-30.
39. Kpela T, Danborno B, Adebisi S, Ojo S. Anthropometric study of cephalic index of adult, Tiv and Idoma ethnic group of North Central Nigeria. Global Advance Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2016;5(4):109-15.
40. Ilayperuma I. Evaluation of cephalic indices: a clue for racial and sex diversity. Int J Morphol. 2011;29(1):112-7.
41. Nair SK, Anjankar VP, Singh S, Bindra M, Satpathy D. The study of cephalic index of medical students of central India. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;4(28).
42. Orish C, Ibeachu P. Craniometric indices of Nigeria skulls. Int J Anat Appl Physiol. 2016;2(1):6-13.
43. Odokuma E, Akpuaka F, Igbigbi P, Otuaga P, Ejebe D. Patterns of cephalic indexes in three West African populations. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(11).
44. Patro S, Sahu R, Rath S. Study of cephalic index in Southern Odisha population. J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13(1):41-4.
2. Jaberi KR, Kavakebian F, Mojaverrostami S, Najibi A, Safari M, Hassanzadeh G, et al. Nasofacial anthropometric study among students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran: A population based study. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. 2019;71(2):206-11.
3. Krishan K. Anthropometry in forensic medicine and forensic science-'Forensic Anthropometry'. Internet J Forensic Sci. 2006;2(1).
4. Ebrahimi B, Madadi S, Noori L, Navid S, Darvishi M, Alizamir T. The stature estimation from students’ forearm and hand length in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2020;6(5).
5. Adams BJ, Byrd JE. Interobserver variation of selected postcranial skeletal measurements. Journal of Forensic Science. 2002;47(6):1193-202.
6. Stewart T. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. JSTOR; 1962.
7. Navid S, Mokhtari T, Alizamir T, Arabkheradmand A, Hassanzadeh G. Determination of stature from upper arm length in medical students. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2014;11(3):135-40.
8. Jabalameli M, Moradi A, Bagherifard A, Radi M, Mokhtari T. Evaluation of distal femoral rotational alignment with spiral CT scan before total knee arthroplasty (a study in Iranian population). Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2016;4(2):122.
9. Poorhassan M, Mokhtari T, Navid S, Rezaei M, Sheikhazadi A, Mojaverrostami S, et al. Stature estimation from forearm length: an anthropological study in Iranian medical students. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2017;3(11):270-2.
10. Weiner JS, Lourie JA. Human Biology, A Guide to Field Methods. 1969.
11. Acer N, Usanmaz M, Tugay U, Ertekin T. Estimation of cranial capacity in 17-26 years old university students. Int J Morphol. 2007;25(1):65-70.
12. Mohammed I, Mokhtari T, Ijaz S, Ngaski AA, Milanifard M, Hassanzadeh G. Anthropometric study of nasal index in Hausa ethnic population of northwestern Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2018;4(1).
13. İşcan MY. Global forensic anthropology in the 21st century. Elsevier; 2001.
14. Akhlaghi M, Bakhtavar K, Bakhshandeh H, Mokhtari T, Vasheghani Farahani M, Allahyar Parsa V, et al. Sex determination based on radiographic examination of metatarsal bones in Iranian population. International Jouranl of Medical Toxicology of Forensic Medicine. 2017;7(4):203-7.
15. Cole C, Eliopoulos C, Zorba E, Borrini M. An anthropometric method for sex determination from the mandible: test on British Medieval skeletal collections. Journal of Biological Research-Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale. 2017;90(1):30-5.
16. Naikmasur VG, Shrivastava R, Mutalik S. Determination of sex in South Indians and immigrant Tibetans from cephalometric analysis and discriminant functions. Forensic Science International. 2010;197(1-3):122. e1-. e6.
17. Umar M, Singh R, Shugaba A. Cephalometric indices among Nigerians. J Appl Sci. 2006;6(939):42.
18. Varrela J. Effects of attritive diet on craniofacial morphology: a cephalometric analysis of a Finnish skull sample. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 1990;12(2):219-23.
19. among Nigerians CI. MBT Umar, R. Singh and AI Shugaba. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2006;6(4):939-42.
20. Francesquini LJ, Francesquini M, De BLC, Pereira S, Ambrosano G, Barbosa C, et al. Identification of sex using cranial base measurements. The Journal of forensic odonto-stomatology. 2007;25(1):7-11.
21. Franco FCM, Araujo TMd, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: Is it appropriate to describe the face using skull patterns? Dental Press J Orthod. 2013;18(3):159-63.
22. Golalipour MJ. The effect of ethnic factor on cephalic index in 17-20 years old females of north of Iran [Efecto del factor étnico en el Ãndice cefálico en mujeres entre 17 y 20 años de edad del norte de Irán]. International Journal of Morphology. 2006;24(3):319-22.
23. Franco FCM, Araujo TMd, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: is it appropriate to describe the face using skull patterns? Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2013;18:159-63.
24. Golalipour M, Hosseinpour K. Estimation of the cranial capacity and brain weight of Iranian female newborns. European Journal of Anatomy. 2019;10(2):49-52.
25. Courchesne E, Chisum HJ, Townsend J, Cowles A, Covington J, Egaas B, et al. Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers. Radiology. 2000;216(3):672-82.
26. Moore KL, Persaud T, Keith L, Oleszczuk JJ. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999;6(1):124-.
27. Jahanshahi M, Golalipour M, Heidari K. The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran. Singapore medical journal. 2008;49(11):940-3.
28. Kurnia C, Susiana S, Husin W. Facial indices in Chinese ethnic students aged 20-22. Journal of Dentistry Indonesia. 2013;19(1):1-4.
29. Akhlaghi M, Khalighi Z, Vasigh S, Yousefinejad V. Sex determination using mandibular anthropometric parameters in subadult Iranian samples. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2014;22:150-3.
30. Akhlaghi M, Moradi B, Hajibeygi M. Sex determination using anthropometric dimensions of the clavicle in Iranian population. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2012;19(7):381-5.
31. Seyed Hassan Eftekhar vaghefi Fg, Leila Elyasi, Saeedreza Amirian. Evaluating Anatomical Dimensions Using in Cephalometric of 18-20 Year-Old Girls Southern Iran Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 2018;8:127-9.
32. Dodangheh M, Mokhtari T, Mojaverrostami S, Nemati M, Zarbakhsh S, Arabkheradmand A, et al. Anthropometric Study of the Facial Index in the Population of Medical Students in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. GMJ Medicine. 2018;2(1):51-7.
33. Eboh DE, Okoro EC, Iteire KA. A cross-sectional anthropometric study of cranial capacity among Ukwuani people of South Nigeria. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS. 2016;23(5):72.
34. Lalwani M, Yadav J, Arora A, Dubey B. Sex identification from cranial capacity of adult human skulls. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2012;34(2):128-31.
35. Ankney CD. Sex differences in relative brain size: The mismeasure of woman, too? Intelligence. 1992;16(3-4):329-36.
36. Sangeetha K SMB. ESTIMATION OF THE CRANIAL CAPACITY IN DRY HUMAN SKULL BONES. Int J Anat Res. 2018;6(2.2):5181-5.
37. Nooranipour M, Farahani RM. Estimation of cranial capacity and brain weight in 18–22-year-old Iranian adults. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2008;110(10):997-1002.
38. Woo EJ, Jung H, Tansatit T. Cranial index in a modern people of Thai ancestry. Anatomy & cell biology. 2018;51(1):25-30.
39. Kpela T, Danborno B, Adebisi S, Ojo S. Anthropometric study of cephalic index of adult, Tiv and Idoma ethnic group of North Central Nigeria. Global Advance Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2016;5(4):109-15.
40. Ilayperuma I. Evaluation of cephalic indices: a clue for racial and sex diversity. Int J Morphol. 2011;29(1):112-7.
41. Nair SK, Anjankar VP, Singh S, Bindra M, Satpathy D. The study of cephalic index of medical students of central India. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;4(28).
42. Orish C, Ibeachu P. Craniometric indices of Nigeria skulls. Int J Anat Appl Physiol. 2016;2(1):6-13.
43. Odokuma E, Akpuaka F, Igbigbi P, Otuaga P, Ejebe D. Patterns of cephalic indexes in three West African populations. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(11).
44. Patro S, Sahu R, Rath S. Study of cephalic index in Southern Odisha population. J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13(1):41-4.
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2020-12-26
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Ghaffari N, Ebrahimi B, Nazmara Z, Nemati M, Dodangeh M, Alizamir T. Assessment of Gender Dimorphism Using Cephalometry in Iranian Population. Iraq Med J [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 26 [cited 2024 Dec. 4];4(4). Available from: https://iraqmedj.org/index.php/imj/article/view/899
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