Prevalence of Amoebiasis and Estimation of Certain Cytokines (IL-17, IFN- γ and TNF- α) in Children with Amoebic Infection in Sulaimani Province / Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v6i1.1148Keywords:
Amoebic infection, E. histolytica, Microscopy, Cytokines.Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of amoebic infection in Sulaymaniyah province and measuring of some immunological parameters among amoebic infected children.
Methods: The current study was carried out in the pediatric teaching hospital in Sulaymaniyah governorate from September to December 2021. A total of 560 stool samples were collected from diarrheal children for direct microscopical examination. Also, in a case-control study serum was taken from 80 infected children and 80 parasite-free children for estimation of IL-17, IFN- γ and TNF-α levels using the ELISA technique. Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS program, using Chi-square and ANOVA test. P ≤ 0.05 consider a significant difference.
Results: The total prevalence of amoebic infection was (16.1%), males recorded a higher infection rate was (17.7%), while the female was (14.3%), (p >0.05). The age group between (1-6) years had a significantly higher prevalence (21.5%), while those under than (1 year) old was recorded the lowest lower infection rate (7.54%), (p < 0.05). Prevalenc in rural (20.3%), in urban (13.8%), (p < 0.05). The patients who used general tap water for drinking recorded the highest rate of infection (19%).The highest prevalence documented in September (19.5%,) followed by October (16 %), then November (11.2%), without significant difference, (p > 0.05). The highest amoebic infection rate was recorded in those children whose mother was illiterate (19.8%). Serum levels of IL-17 were not significantly different between infected children and control groups, (P >0.05);however, IFN γ level was reported to be significantly different (P <0.05) While, TNF-α serum level recorded a highly significant difference, (P<0.001).
Conclusion: We concluded that the prevalence of amoebic infection was (16.1%) in Sulaymaniyah province among symptomatic children based on the microscopic diagnosis. The immunological assessment of IL-17 showed that there was no significant difference between infected and control individuals, while the rest of IFN- γ and TNF-α documented significant and highly significant differences respectively.
References
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37. Shlash SA. Impact of Entamoeba histolytica infection on some haematological and immunological parameters among children in Najaf governorate. Kufa J Nurs Sci. 2016;6(3):102–10.
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39. Rayan. Geographical location and age affects the incidence of parasitic infestations in school children. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53(3):504–8.
40. AL-Khalidi KAH. Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in patients an infected infants with diarrhea in born and children’s hospital by classic methods and Real-timePolymerase Chain Reaction. Jornal of pure science Vol 21 No 2. 2016.
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52. Asgari A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Nematian J, Nematian E, Gholamrezanezhad A, Asgari AA. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their relation with socio-economic factors and hygienic habits in Tehran primary school students. Acta Trop. 2004 ;92(3):179–86.
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54. Peterson K, Guo X, Elkahloun A, … DM-P, 2011 U. The expression of REG 1A and REG 1B is increased during acute amebic colitis. Parasitol Int. 2011;60(3):296–300.
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56. Moonah SN, Abhyankar MM, Haque R, Petri WA. The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Homolog of Entamoeba histolytica Binds to and Immunomodulates Host Macrophages. Appleton JA, editor. Infect Immun. 2014 Sep;82(9):3523–30.
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3. Othman N, Ujang JA, Ng YL, Kumarasamy G, Noordin R. “Amebiasis.†Molecular Advancements in Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery. Academic Press. Elsevier Inc.; 2020. 1–19 p.
4. Begum S, Gorman H, Chadha A, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica. Vol. 37, Trends in Parasitology. Elsevier Ltd; 2021. p. 676–7.
5. Tharmaratnam T, Kumanan T, Iskandar MA, D’Urzo K, Gopee-Ramanan P, Loganathan M, et al. Entamoeba histolytica and amoebic liver abscess in northern Sri Lanka: A public health problem. Trop Med Health. 2020;48(1):1–13.
6. Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Immune response of amebiasis and immune evasion by Entamoeba histolytica. Front Immunol. 2016;7(MAY):1–13.
7. Ali IKM, Clark CG, Petri WA. Molecular epidemiology of amebiasis. Infect Genet Evol. 2008;8(5):698–707.
8. Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Petri WA. Host Protective Mechanisms to Intestinal Amebiasis. Trends Parasitol. 2021;37(2):165–75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.015
9. Watanabe K, Petri WA. Molecular biology research to benefit patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection. Mol Microbiol. 2015;98(2):208–17.
10. Parija S, Ponnambath D, Mandal J. Laboratory methods of identification of Entamoeba histolytica and its differentiation from look-alike Entamoeba spp. Trop Parasitol.
11. Gupta S, Smith L, Diakiw A. Amebiasis and Amebic Liver Abscess in Children. Vol. 69, Pediatric Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2022. p. 79–97.
12. Moonah SN, Jiang NM, Petri WA. Host Immune Response to Intestinal Amebiasis. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(8):1–5.
13. Gonzalez Rivas E, Ximenez C, Nieves-Ramirez ME, Moran Silva P, Partida-RodrÃguez O, Hernandez EH, et al. Entamoeba histolytica Calreticulin Induces the Expression of Cytokines in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated From Patients With Amebic Liver Abscess. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018 Oct 18
14. Zhu S, Qian Y. IL-17/IL-17 receptor system in autoimmune disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Vol. 122, Clinical Science. Portland Press; 2012. p. 487–511.
15. Burgess SL, Buonomo E, Carey M, Cowardin C, Naylor C, Noor Z, et al. Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells from Mice with an Altered Microbiota Provide Interleukin 17A-Dependent Protection against Entamoeba histolytica Colitis. Am Soc Microbiol.
16. Terrazas C, Varikuti S, Kimble J, Moretti E, Boyaka PN, Satoskar AR. IL-17A promotes susceptibility during experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. FASEB J. 2016 Mar 1;30(3):1135–43.
17. Ngobeni R, Samie A, Moonah S, Watanabe K, Petri WA, Gilchrist C. Entamoeba Species in South Africa: Correlations With the Host Microbiome, Parasite Burdens, and First Description of Entamoeba bangladeshi Outside of Asia. J Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 19; 216(12):1592–600.
18. Bolón-Canedo V, Alonso-Betanzos A. Ensembles for feature selection: A review and future trends. Inf Fusion. 2019 Dec 1;52:1–12.
19. Mahmood SAF, Bakr HM. Genetic variability of E. histolytica strains based on the polymorphism of the SREHP gene using nested PCR-RFLP in Erbil, North Iraq. Cell Mol Biol. 2020 Apr 20; 66(1):82–7.
20. Shaker MJ, Hussein RA. The relationship between the infection with Entamoeba histolytica and some blood parameters. Diyala J Pure Sci. 2016;12(1):133–42.
21. Marie C, Petri WA. Regulation of Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2014 Sep 8; 68(1):493–520.
22. Nassar SA, Al-idreesi SR, Al-emaara GY. Epidemiological study of Entameoba histolytica in basrah city-southern of iraq. BasJVetRes. 2019;18(2):386–407.
23. Hamad NR, Ramzy IA. Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica among children in Erbil province, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. J Res Biol. 2012;2(1):57–62.
24. Jameel W, Barwari O, Ismael SS. Detection of Pathogenic Strains of Entamoeba Histolytica in Children Using ELISA Technique in Duhok. J US-China Med Sci. 2011;8(75):109–19.
25. Salman YJ, Salih LA. Detection of some microbial infectious agents among children aging below two years in Kirkuk city. J Kirkuk Med Coll. 2013;1(1):53–61.
26. Ali FM, Ali SAK, Abdullah SJ. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal children attending pediatric teaching hospitalin sulaimani city-Indian Journals. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences. 2016. p. 77–84.
27. Abdullah S, Ali S, Sulaiman R. Molecular Identification of Entamoeba Histolytica in Sulaimani Pediatric Teaching Hospital. J Sulaimani Med Coll. 2020;10(2):165–72.
28. Atia AH. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children and old patients in alexandria nahia. J Tech. 2009;22(2).
29. Ettehad GH, Daryani A, Nemati A. Effect of Giardia infection on nutritional status in primary schoolchildren, in Northwest Iran. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2010; 13(5):229–34.
30. Obaid HM. The Effect of Entamoeba Histolytica and Giardia Lamblia Infection on Some Human Hematological Parameters. Vol. 4, Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN. Online; 2014
31. Al-Difaie, Rana Salih Sahib and SRAA-K. PCR conventional for detecting AP and PLA virulence Use factors of Entamoeba histolytica in patients stool samples in Al-Qadisiyah Province. J Wassit Sci & Med. 2016;9(1):102–10.
32. Salah, T.A., SH, S.S. and Mohammed S. Prevalence of entamoeba histolytica infuction in al rutba region/al anbar governorate and study of effect extract of frankenia pulverulenta on parasite. Iraqi.J .Desert . Study 7 (1). 2017.
33. Mahfooth Ahmed N. Detection Entamoeba histolytica infection in Mosul City and study of the effect of some factors on it. Mosul Univ. 2017 Apr 28; 14(1):457–70.
34. Al-Areeqi MA, Sady H, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Anuar TS, Al-Adhroey AH, Atroosh WM, et al. First molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infections in Yemen: different species-specific associated risk factors. Trop Med Int Heal. 2017;22(4):493–504.
35. Al-Shammari S, Khoja T, El-Khwasky F, Gad A. Intestinal parasitic diseases in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, sociodemographic and environmental associates. Trop Med Int Heal. 2001;6(3):184–9.
36. Al-Saeed AT, Issa SH. Frequency of Giardia lamblia among children in Dohuk, northern Iraq. Vol. 12, EMHJ -Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2006.
37. Shlash SA. Impact of Entamoeba histolytica infection on some haematological and immunological parameters among children in Najaf governorate. Kufa J Nurs Sci. 2016;6(3):102–10.
38. Zahida T, Shabana K, Lashari MH. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in humans. Vol. 23, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010. p. 344–8.
39. Rayan. Geographical location and age affects the incidence of parasitic infestations in school children. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53(3):504–8.
40. AL-Khalidi KAH. Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in patients an infected infants with diarrhea in born and children’s hospital by classic methods and Real-timePolymerase Chain Reaction. Jornal of pure science Vol 21 No 2. 2016.
41. Fallah E, Shahbazi A, Yazdanjoii M, Rahimi-esboei B. Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar by parasitological and nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods. J Res Clin Med. 2014;2(1):25–9.
42. Lokman Hakim S, Gan C, Malkit K, Noor Azian M, Chong C, Shaari N, et al. Parasitic infections among orang asli, Malaysia parasitic infections among orang asli (aborigine) in the Cameron highlands, Malaysia. Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 38(3). 2007 .
43. Ngui R, Ishak S, Chuen CS, Mahmud R, Lim YAL. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitism in rural and remote West Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Mar;5(3).
44. Al-Ubaydi NA, Hadi ZS, Alkaniny ZA. Epidemiological and Immunological Study for Acute Amoebiasis Patients in Thi-Qar Governorate. J Int Pharm Res. 2019;46(5):555–60.
45. Khan S, Ahmed S, Serajuddin M, Saifullah MK. Variation in seasonal prevalence and intensity of progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum infection in Trichogaster fasciatus fish. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2018;7(3):310–6.
46. Gałęcki R, Sokół R. A parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and animals. Oliveira PL, editor. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 8;14(7):e0219303.
47. Al-Hilfi AA, Al-Malak MK, Al-Tomah MA. Histopathological study of invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba spp. in experimental rats. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2020 Dec;43(1).
48. Ben Ayed L, Sabbahi S. Entamoeba histolytica. In: Fayer R, Jakubowski W, editors. Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Water Pathogen Project). Michigan State University; 2019.
49. Heymann D. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 20 ed.Washington, D.C: American Public Health Association. 2015. p. 1–764.
50. Kassaw MW, Abebe AM, Abate BB, Zemariyam AB, Kassie AM. <p>Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Mothers on Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infestations in Sekota Town, Waghimra Zone, Ethiopia</p>. Pediatr Heal Med Ther. 2020;Volume 11:161–9.
51. Wamani H, Tylleskär T, Åstrøm AN, Tumwine JK, Peterson S. Mothers’ education but not fathers’ education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. Int J Equity Health. 2004 Dec;3(1).
52. Asgari A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Nematian J, Nematian E, Gholamrezanezhad A, Asgari AA. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their relation with socio-economic factors and hygienic habits in Tehran primary school students. Acta Trop. 2004 ;92(3):179–86.
53. Ashankyty I. Practical Manual for Detection of Parasites in Feces, Blood and Urine Samples. Xlibris Corporation; 2020.
54. Peterson K, Guo X, Elkahloun A, … DM-P, 2011 U. The expression of REG 1A and REG 1B is increased during acute amebic colitis. Parasitol Int. 2011;60(3):296–300.
55. Kissoon-Singh V, Moreau F, Trusevych E, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica exacerbates epithelial tight junction permeability and proinflammatory responses in Muc2-/- mice. Am J Pathol. 2013 Mar;182(3):852–65.
56. Moonah SN, Abhyankar MM, Haque R, Petri WA. The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Homolog of Entamoeba histolytica Binds to and Immunomodulates Host Macrophages. Appleton JA, editor. Infect Immun. 2014 Sep;82(9):3523–30.
57. Noor Z, Watanabe K, Abhyankar MM, Burgess SL, Buonomo EL, Cowardin CA, et al. Role of eosinophils and tumor necrosis factor alpha in interleukin-25-mediated protection from amebic colitis. MBio. 2017;8(1).
58. Zainab Abdul A, Al-quraishi M. The Pattern of Leucocytes Parameters and C - reactive Protein Findings of G. lamblia and E. histolytica Intestinal Infections in Children. Int J Recent Biotechnol. 2013;1(2):5–14.
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Published
2022-03-26
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Mohammed, H. S., Ali , S. A. K. ., Mohammed , L. O. ., & Mohammed, M. S. . (2022). Prevalence of Amoebiasis and Estimation of Certain Cytokines (IL-17, IFN- γ and TNF- α) in Children with Amoebic Infection in Sulaimani Province / Iraq. Iraq Medical Journal, 6(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v6i1.1148
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