Prevalence of intestinal metaplasia and its relation to Helicobacter pylori infection in Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v5i1.1025Keywords:
Prevalence, intestinal metaplasia, Helicobacter pylori infectionAbstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia and its relation to H. Pylori infection, gastric atrophy, ulcer, age and gender in patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and gastric biopsy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
Method: 200 gastric biopsy blocks examined for patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and gastric biopsy, between January 2019 October 2020 at Gastroenterology and hepatology Hospital / Medical city / Baghdad / Iraq.
Result: (67.5%) of patients examined in the study had H. pylori infection, while (20.5%) of the total number patients in the study had gastric intestinal metaplasia. There was significant association between Intestinal metaplasia with both active chronic inflammation and intestinal atrophy but there was no significant association between Intestinal metaplasia with both ulcer and H. pylori infection.
Conclusion: gastric intestinal metaplasia encountered more in old age male patients with gastric atrophy and it is not solely related to h pylori, other risk factors could be responsible for it.
References
1. Leung, W. K., & Sung, J. J. Y. (2002). Intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinogenesis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 16(7), 1209-1216.
2. Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer. 2007;110:2119,52.
3. Glickman, J. N., Wang, H., Das, K. M., Goyal, R. K., Spechler, S. J., Antonioli, D., & Odze, R. D. (2001). Phenotype of Barrett's esophagus and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins 7 and 20, Das-1 and 45 MI. The American journal of surgical pathology, 25(1), 87-94.
4. Jencks, D. S., Adam, J. D., Borum, M. L., Koh, J. M., Stephen, S., & Doman, D. B. (2018). Overview of current concepts in gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 14(2), 92.
5. Liu, K. S. H., Wong, I. O. L., & Leung, W. K. (2016). Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(3), 1311.
6. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Chen Y, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterol 1998;114:116979.
7. Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001;49:34753.
8. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Electric refrigerator use and gastric cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 1990;62(1):136-137.
9. The annual cancer registry of Iraq, ministry of health and environment for 2019.
10. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN 2012: estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. [Accessed January 23, 2018].
11. Lin, D., & Koskella, B. (2015). Friend and foe: factors influencing the movement of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori along the parasitism–mutualism continuum. Evolutionary Applications, 8(1), 9-22.
12. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 1975;2:58-60.
13. Fennerty MB. Gastric intestinal metaplasia on routine endoscopic biopsy. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:58690.
14. A. C. de Vries, J. Haringsma, and E. J. Kuipers, “The detection, surveillance and treatment of premalignant gastric lesions related to Helicobacter pylori infection,†Helicobacter, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2007.
15. A. Zullo, C. Hassan, A. Romiti et al., “Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: when, how and why,†World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 30-36, 2012.
16. Al-Esawi, A. A., Al-Koubaisi, H. N., & Tafash, M. (2010). Frequency of Intestinal Metaplasia in Dyspeptic Patients in Northern Iraq. Al-Anbar Medical Journal, 8(1).
17. AlSafi, R. A. A. N., Alqanbar, M. F., & Al-Sabbagh, W. R. M. (2019). Premalignant changes associated chronic gastritis in Karbala Province: multi institutional study. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 5(5).
18. A. Sonnenberg, R. H. Lash, and R. M. Genta, “A national study of Helicobactor pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens,†Gastroenterology, vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 1894.e2–1901.e2, 2010.
19. T. Almouradi, T. Hiatt, and B. Attar, “Gastric intestinal metaplasia in an underserved population in the USA: prevalence, epidemiologic and clinical features,†Gastroenterology Research and Practice, vol. 2013, Article ID 856256, 4 pages, 2013.
20. Tan, M. C., Mallepally, N., Liu, Y., El-Serag, H. B., & Thrift, A. P. (2020). Demographic and lifestyle risk factors for gastric intestinal metaplasia among US veterans. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(3), 381-387.
21. A. Özden, Ş. Dumlu, and Ö. Dönderici, “Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun ülkemizde seroepidemiyolojisi,” Gastroenteroloji, vol. 3, pp. 664-668, 1992.
22. Tacheci I, Edakkanambeth Varayil J, Zelinkova Z, Kopacova M, Zavoral M. Advanced Studies in Clinical and Experimental Research in Gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:4253143.
23. Sung JJY, Lin SR, Ching JYL, et al. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a prospective, randomized study,Gastroenterology, 2000;119, 7-14.
24. Zhou LY, Sung JJY, Lin SR, et al. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chin Med J 2003;116:11-14.
25. Russo A, Maconi G, Spinelli P, et al. Effect of lifestyle, smoking, and diet on development of intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori-positive subjects.Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:14028.
26. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:7849.
27. You WC, Lee JY, Blot WJ, et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;83:615-19.
2. Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer. 2007;110:2119,52.
3. Glickman, J. N., Wang, H., Das, K. M., Goyal, R. K., Spechler, S. J., Antonioli, D., & Odze, R. D. (2001). Phenotype of Barrett's esophagus and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins 7 and 20, Das-1 and 45 MI. The American journal of surgical pathology, 25(1), 87-94.
4. Jencks, D. S., Adam, J. D., Borum, M. L., Koh, J. M., Stephen, S., & Doman, D. B. (2018). Overview of current concepts in gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 14(2), 92.
5. Liu, K. S. H., Wong, I. O. L., & Leung, W. K. (2016). Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(3), 1311.
6. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Chen Y, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterol 1998;114:116979.
7. Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001;49:34753.
8. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Electric refrigerator use and gastric cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 1990;62(1):136-137.
9. The annual cancer registry of Iraq, ministry of health and environment for 2019.
10. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN 2012: estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. [Accessed January 23, 2018].
11. Lin, D., & Koskella, B. (2015). Friend and foe: factors influencing the movement of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori along the parasitism–mutualism continuum. Evolutionary Applications, 8(1), 9-22.
12. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 1975;2:58-60.
13. Fennerty MB. Gastric intestinal metaplasia on routine endoscopic biopsy. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:58690.
14. A. C. de Vries, J. Haringsma, and E. J. Kuipers, “The detection, surveillance and treatment of premalignant gastric lesions related to Helicobacter pylori infection,†Helicobacter, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2007.
15. A. Zullo, C. Hassan, A. Romiti et al., “Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: when, how and why,†World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 30-36, 2012.
16. Al-Esawi, A. A., Al-Koubaisi, H. N., & Tafash, M. (2010). Frequency of Intestinal Metaplasia in Dyspeptic Patients in Northern Iraq. Al-Anbar Medical Journal, 8(1).
17. AlSafi, R. A. A. N., Alqanbar, M. F., & Al-Sabbagh, W. R. M. (2019). Premalignant changes associated chronic gastritis in Karbala Province: multi institutional study. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 5(5).
18. A. Sonnenberg, R. H. Lash, and R. M. Genta, “A national study of Helicobactor pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens,†Gastroenterology, vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 1894.e2–1901.e2, 2010.
19. T. Almouradi, T. Hiatt, and B. Attar, “Gastric intestinal metaplasia in an underserved population in the USA: prevalence, epidemiologic and clinical features,†Gastroenterology Research and Practice, vol. 2013, Article ID 856256, 4 pages, 2013.
20. Tan, M. C., Mallepally, N., Liu, Y., El-Serag, H. B., & Thrift, A. P. (2020). Demographic and lifestyle risk factors for gastric intestinal metaplasia among US veterans. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(3), 381-387.
21. A. Özden, Ş. Dumlu, and Ö. Dönderici, “Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun ülkemizde seroepidemiyolojisi,” Gastroenteroloji, vol. 3, pp. 664-668, 1992.
22. Tacheci I, Edakkanambeth Varayil J, Zelinkova Z, Kopacova M, Zavoral M. Advanced Studies in Clinical and Experimental Research in Gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:4253143.
23. Sung JJY, Lin SR, Ching JYL, et al. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a prospective, randomized study,Gastroenterology, 2000;119, 7-14.
24. Zhou LY, Sung JJY, Lin SR, et al. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chin Med J 2003;116:11-14.
25. Russo A, Maconi G, Spinelli P, et al. Effect of lifestyle, smoking, and diet on development of intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori-positive subjects.Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:14028.
26. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:7849.
27. You WC, Lee JY, Blot WJ, et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;83:615-19.